Even though it is correct to think about fluid requirements on a 24-hour basis, the delivery pumps used in hospitals are designed to be programmed for an hourly infusion rate. The 24-hour number is often divided into approximate hourly rates for convenience, leading to the '4-2-1' formula. 100 ml/kg/24-hours = 4 ml/kg/hr for the 1st 10 kg. Directed by Dana Vespoli. With Kayden Kross, Casey Calvert, Adriana Chechik, Misha Cross.
This material must not be used for commercial purposes, or in any hospital or medical facility. Failure to comply may result in legal action.
Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Feb 3, 2020.
- Care Notes
- Aftercare Instructions
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW:
Fluid restriction means that you need to limit the amount of liquid you have each day. Fluid restriction is needed if your body is holding water. This is called fluid retention. Fluid retention can cause health problems, such as tissue and blood vessel damage, long-term swelling, and stress on the heart. Ask your healthcare provider how much liquid you can have each day.
DISCHARGE INSTRUCTIONS:
Call your local emergency number (911 in the US) if:
- You have shortness of breath.
- You have chest pain.
Call your doctor if:
- You have a severe headache that does not get better with medicine.
- You gain 2 pounds in 1 day.
- Your skin is tight and shiny.
- You are urinating very little, even though you are regularly drinking liquids.
- You have signs of dehydration, such as a headache, dark yellow urine, dry eyes or mouth, or a fast heartbeat.
- You have questions or concerns about your condition or care.
Amount of liquid in common foods and drinks:
Liquid from both foods and drinks should be counted toward your daily liquid limit:
- 12 ounces (1 can) of soda (332 mL)
- 1 cup of juice (215 mL) or 2% milk (217 mL)
- 6 ounces of coffee (175 mL) or 6 ounces of tea (168 mL)
- 1 cup of gelatin (200 mL)
- 1 single popsicle (45 mL)
- 1 cup of ice cream (100 mL) or sherbet (127 mL)
- 1 cup of yogurt (182 mL) or cottage cheese (185 mL)
- 1 cup of raw peaches, canned in juice (218 mL)
- 1 cup of grapes (120 mL) or berries (130 mL)
- 1 cup of watermelon (140 mL)
- 1 cup of cooked broccoli (170 mL) or creamed corn (200 mL)
How to track your liquid intake:
Keep a record of the amount of every liquid you have each day.
![Iv fluid 2/3 1/3 Iv fluid 2/3 1/3](https://navc.com/todaysveterinarynurse/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/07/TVET_2016_0708_Hughston_Fig-1.jpg)
- Liquids can be measured in milliliters (mL), liters (L), ounces (oz), or cups (c). Choose a measurement that is familiar to you. Your healthcare provider or dietitian can show you how to change units of measurement if needed. For example, you may be tracking liquids in mL, but the container lists the amount in ounces. Your provider or dietitian can show you how to find how many mL are in the container. You may be able to use a chart or computer program to make this easier.
- Remember to record the amount of liquid you use to swallow your medicines.
- Soup needs to be separated into liquids and solids before you eat it. Write down the amount of liquid before you eat.
Monitor your weight:
Weigh yourself at the same time every day, with the same scale. Record your weight so you can compare it to your other daily weights. You may be retaining fluid if your weight goes up by more than 2 pounds in 24 hours. If you have a sudden weight loss, you may be dehydrated.
Other things to remember about fluid balance:
- Large amounts of sodium from foods can cause fluid retention. Sodium is found in table salt, salted snacks, bacon, cheddar cheese, soy sauce, lunch meat, and canned vegetables. Ask your healthcare provider how much sodium you can have each day.
- Diuretics are medicines that can help your body get rid of extra fluid. If you take diuretics, follow your healthcare provider's directions. You may become dehydrated if you take too much of this medicine.
Help relieve thirst:
- Sip your liquid. Small sips throughout the day may help relieve or prevent thirst.
- Gum or hard candy can help your mouth feel less dry.
- Rinse your mouth. You can use mouthwash or water. Do not swallow after you rinse.
- Limit salt. Salt may make your thirst worse. Do not eat foods that are high in salt, such as crackers. Do not add salt to your food.
- Frozen liquids may help with thirst, and can help you get liquids more slowly. You will still need to count the liquid in your daily amount. Before you have these for the first time, figure out the amount of liquid they contain. For example, you can let a few ice chips or a popsicle melt and measure the amount of liquid. Record the amount so you will know it the next time you have the ice chips or popsicle.
Follow up with your healthcare provider as directed:
Your healthcare provider may recommend that you see a dietitian on a regular basis. A dietitian can help you create a plan to get the right amount of liquid each day. The dietitian can also help you calculate the amount of liquid in the foods you eat. Write down your questions so you remember to ask them during your visits.
© Copyright IBM Corporation 2020 Information is for End User's use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes. All illustrations and images included in CareNotes® are the copyrighted property of A.D.A.M., Inc. or IBM Watson Health
1 2 Fluid Oz Crossword
The above information is an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatments. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before following any medical regimen to see if it is safe and effective for you.
Further information
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
Learn more about Fluid Restriction (Aftercare Instructions)
Associated drugs
IBM Watson Micromedex
Previous | Index | Next
The 70 kg 'standard male' contains 42 liters of water - 60% of his body weight. The hypothetical adult female contains 55% of her body weight as water: this lower percent being due to a higher fat content. These figures are standard values which are quoted frequently and are average values.
2.1.1 Variations in Water Content
Variation due to Age
Neonates contain more water then adults: 75-80% water with proportionately more extracellular fluid (ECF) then adults. At birth, the amount of interstitial fluid is proportionally three times larger than in an adult. By the age of 12 months, this has decreased to 60% which is the adult value.
Total body water as a percentage of total body weight decreases progressively with increasing age. By the age of 60 years, total body water (TBW) has decreased to only 50% of total body weight in males mostly due to an increase in adipose tissue.
Fluid2 Indoor Trainer
Variation between Tissues
Most tissues are water-rich and contain 70-80% water. The three major exceptions to this are:
- Plasma: 93% water (& 7% 'plasma solids')
- Fat: 10-15% water
- Bone: 20% water
Variation between Individuals
The variation between individuals in the ratio of TBW to total body weight is quite large but the majority of the variation is due to different amounts of adipose tissue as adipose has a low water content. Differences (between individuals) in the amount of bone and plasma are much smaller. Obese adults have a lower ratio because of the greater amount of adipose tissue. Differences in percent body water between males and females are primarily due to differences in amounts of adipose tissue. For any particular tissue of the body the variation is very much less but any variation that occurs is still mostly due to differences in amount of fat content.
2.1.2 Compartments
The water in the body is contained within the numerous organs and tissues of the body. These innumerable fluids can be lumped together into larger collections which can be discussed in a physiologically meaningful way. These collections are referred to as 'compartments'. The major division is into Intracellular Fluid (ICF: about 23 liters) and Extracellular Fluid (ECF: about 19 liters) based on which side of the cell membrane the fluid lies. Typical values for the size of the fluid compartments are listed in the table.
Body Fluid Compartments (70 kg male) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
2.1.3 Intracellular Fluid
The Intracellular Fluid is composed of at least 1014 separate tiny cellular packages. The concept of a single united 'compartment' called intracellular fluid is clearly artificial. The ICF compartment is really a 'virtual compartment' considered as the sum of this huge number of discontinuous small collections. How can the term ‘intracellular fluid’ be used as though it was a single body of fluid? The reason is that though not united physically, the collections have extremely important unifying similarities which make the ICF concept of practical usefulness in physiology. In particular, similarities of location, composition and behaviour:
- Location: The distinction between ICF and ECF is clear and is easy to understand: they are separated by the cell membranes
- Composition: Intracellular fluids are high in potassium and magnesium and low in sodium and chloride ions
- Behaviour: Intracellular fluids behave similarly to tonicity changes in the ECF
Because of this physiological usefulness, it is convenient to talk of an idealised ICF as though it were a single real entity. The use of this convention allows predictions to be made about what will happen with various interventions and within limits these are physiologically meaningful.
2.1.4 Extracellular Fluid
A similar argument applies to the Extracellular Fluid. The ECF is divided into several smaller compartments (eg plasma, Interstitial fluid, fluid of bone and dense connective tissue and transcellular fluid). These compartments are distinguished by different locations and different kinetic characteristics. The ECF compositional similarity is in some ways, the opposite of that for the ICF (ie low in potassium & magnesium and high in sodium and chloride).
Interstitial fluid (ISF) consists of all the bits of fluid which lie in the interstices of all body tissues. This is also a ‘virtual’ fluid (ie it exists in many separate small bits but is spoken about as though it was a pool of fluid of uniform composition in the one location). The ISF bathes all the cells in the body and is the link between the ICF and the intravascular compartment. Oxygen, nutrients, wastes and chemical messengers all pass through the ISF. ISF has the compositional characteristics of ECF (as mentioned above) but in addition it is distinguished by its usually low protein concentration (in comparison to plasma). Lymph is considered as a part of the ISF. The lymphatic system returns protein and excess ISF to the circulation. Lymph is more easily obtained for analysis than other parts of the ISF.
![Fluid Fluid](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/29-160826034009/95/intravenous-fluid-35-638.jpg?cb=1472182839)
Plasma is the only major fluid compartment that exists as a real fluid collection all in one location. It differs from ISF in its much higher protein content and its high bulk flow (transport function). Blood contains suspended red and white cells so plasma has been called the ‘interstitial fluid of the blood’. The fluid compartment called the blood volume is interesting in that it is a composite compartment containing ECF (plasma) and ICF (red cell water).
The fluid of bone & dense connective tissue is significant because it contains about 15% of the total body water. This fluid is mobilised only very slowly and this lessens its importance when considering the effects of acute fluid interventions.
Transcellular fluid is a small compartment that represents all those body fluids which are formed from the transport activities of cells. It is contained within epithelial lined spaces. It includes CSF, GIT fluids, bladder urine, aqueous humour and joint fluid. It is important because of the specialised functions involved. The fluid fluxes involved with GIT fluids can be quite significant. The electrolyte composition of the various transcellular fluids are quite dissimilar and typical values or ranges for some of these fluids are listed in the Table.
The total body water is divided into compartments and useful physiological insight and some measure of clinical predictability can be gained from this approach even though most of these fluid compartments do not exist as discrete real fluid collections.
2.1.5 Functional ECF
The water in bone and dense connective tissue and the transcellular fluids is significant in amount but is mobilised much more slowly then the other components of the ECF. The remaining parts of the ECF are called the functional ECF. The ratio of ICF to ECF is 55:45.
The functional ECF is more important when considering the effects of acute fluid interventions and the ratio of ICF to functional ECF is 55:27.5 (which is 2:1). (See Section 8.1 for discussion of acute fluid infusions).
Typical Electrolyte Concentrations in Some Transcellular Fluids(in mmol/l) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Previous | Index | Top of page | Next
'Fluid Physiology' by Kerry Brandis -from http://www.AnaesthesiaMCQ.com